Either an external biliary fistula is present — in which case intravenous cholangiography is not necessary — or, with the presence of external biliary obstruction and appreciable levels of ...

The most common complications were biliary complications (15/237 vs 14/93), which including retained stone (13 cases), bile leakage (10 cases), acute pancreatitis (2 cases), bile duct injury (2 ...