Ishii and colleagues now reveal that TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1) mediates the adjuvant effect of DNA vaccines and that this effect occurs independently of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) signalling ...
The CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40L) costimulatory system, which amplifies immune responses and can induce inflammation, is believed to have a role in skin manifestations of other autoimmune diseases ...