If you see a film on top and it's hard to pick up the product with your brush, you're dealing with hardpan. This happens when ...

You found a patch of hardpan. Or gravel, sand, a cart path. No matter - you can still get home. This situation isn't as bad as it seems. The first thing to realize is that the loose or slippery ...

Your wayward tee shot found a hard patch of gravel, or hardpan, otherwise known as simply the desert where I teach in Phoenix. Your first reaction is likely to pull your sand wedge to get the ball ...

The iron and aluminium oxides collect in the 'B' horizon where the iron oxides can accumulate to form a thin layer of hardpan, which impedes drainage through the soil. Illuviation is the process ...