the Ottoman-Safavid-Habsburg struggle for supremacy; Ottoman Jews: model minority?; sixteenth- and seventeenth-century transformations; pietism, conversion, and interreligious relations; reform and ...

The Safavids returned to their capital, but the Ottoman threat continued into the next reign. Upon Isma‘il’s death in 1524, he was succeeded by his first son, Tahmasp. Born in 1514, Tahmasp was sent ...

7 Dawlat Othmāniyya, the “Ottoman State” and Dawlat Safawiyya, the “Safavid State,” as opposed to the realms of Irān/‘Ajam and Rum (Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire). In this regard, also see Fragner, ...