Above the havoc, a cloud of volcanic steam and ash rose 30,000 feet. Eruptions of steam, ash, and tephra continued until June 1917, when the volcano resumed its quiet profile, with minor steam ...

Tephra is a general term for fragments of volcanic rock and lava that are blasted into the air by explosions or carried upward by hot gases. Tephra includes large, dense chunks, light rock debris ...

Gas emissions and rock fragments ejected from the volcano into the air, known as tephra, were the primary hazards from the eruption, the observatory said. A few hours later, another observatory ...

These form part of the debris ejected from a volcano during an eruption, known as tephra. When chemically analysed, the shards were found to be a match for Mount Toba, around 9,000 km away.