This article will focus on developments in screening for oesophageal varices (OVs), for the prophylaxis of VH from OVs and gastric varices (GVs), and the remaining controversies that will shape ...

probable efficacy for prevention of gastric variceal bleeding, a better safety profile and easier administration. Moreover, data are emerging that nonselective β-blockers may have other ...

Last but not least, the occult or overt blood loss from esophageal and gastric varices and the intestinal lumen due to ulcerations or portal enteropathy are some of the main reasons for protein loss.

The majority (56%) of patients in this study developed HE, which was grade 2 and we attribute it to prompt management of active bleeds with variceal ligation and vasoactive therapy, along with use ...