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Nephrology is specialty of medicine concerned with kidney physiology, kidney disease, the treatment of kidney problems and renal replacement therapy. Systemic conditions that affect the kidneys (e ...

Infection in the abdomen and bleeding may also occur. Surgery is more challenging if the tumor extends to the inside of the renal vein, and often requires a surgeon who specializes in vascular disease ...

Clinical Considerations The clinical significance of hematuria can range from a minor incidental finding that does not require further work-up to a sign of significant disease such as a renal or ...

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as a progressive loss of renal function that lasts for more than 3 months, and is classified according to the degree of kidney damage – measured by the le ...

1 Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States 2 Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts ...