Kufic is the earliest form of Arabic script ... This example, taken from Safavid Isfahan, also contains the words “(Oh) Allah” (at center) and “Ali” (on the right and left, in blue ...

As well as Allah, Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, is also mentioned in the text. Kufic characters were commonly found during the Viking Age in mosaics on burial ...