The cardioprotective benefits of carvedilol in ischemia-reperfusion injury are likely due to multiple mechanisms of action, including adrenoreceptor blockade, vasodilation, and antioxidant properties.

Maximum plasma concentrations of carvedilol occur 1-2 hours after oral administration. [9] Absolute bioavailability of carvedilol is approximately 23% due to extensive first-pass metabolism.

Carvedilol has the capacity to block both the β-1 and β-2 adrenergic receptors, as well as the α-1 receptors. There is evidence to indicate that full adrenergic blockade by carvedilol improves ...