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    • When viewed from the side, an adult spine has a natural S-shaped curve. The neck (cervical) and low back (lumbar) regions have a slight concave curve, and the thoracic and sacral regions have a gentle convex c… 展开

    Intervertebral discs

    Each vertebra in your spine is separated and cushioned by an intervertebral disc, which keeps the bones from … 展开

    Vertebral arch & spinal canal

    On the back of each vertebra are bony projections that form the vertebral arch. The arch is made of two supporting pedicles and two laminae (Fig. 5). The hollow spinal canal contains the spinal cord, fat, ligaments, and bl… 展开

    Ligaments

    The ligaments are strong fibrous bands that hold the vertebrae together, stabilize the spine, and protect the discs. The three major ligaments of the spine are the ligamentum flavum, anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL), … 展开

    Spinal cord

    The spinal cord is about 18 inches long and is the thickness of your thumb. It runs from the brainstem to the 1st lumbar vertebra protected within the spinal canal. At the end of the spinal cord, the cord fibers separate into the cauda e… 展开

    Coverings & spaces

    The spinal cord is covered with the same three membranes as the brain, called meninges. The inner membrane is the pia mater, which is intimately attached to the cord. The next membrane is the arachnoid mater. The oute… 展开

     
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  2. (PDF) Anatomy and Examination of the Spine

    The paraspinous muscles With the exception of the atlas and axis, the range and type of movement in each segment of the spine is determined by the facet joints, but spine stability and the control of spinal movement depend on muscles and …

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